#Eric Gairy

[ryanwclement]

A day in my life

by Ryan Clement Maurice Bishop (1944-1983) IF YOU ASK many people what they did on a particular day last week, let alone a few years ago, unless something remarkable or exceptional happened or occurred, it is highly unlikely that most, myself included, would be able to recall accurately the events of that week or year. That is why I was able to write about 10 October 1996 when, if only for me,…

[ptseti]

MAURICE BISHOP'S MESSAGE TO AFRICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 19 October 1983 marks the day of the assassination of one the most charismatic African leaders of our time. Maurice Bishop was a prominent political figure in the Caribbean, best known for his leadership in the Grenadian Revolution and the establishment of the New Jewel Movement. The turning point in Bishop's political career came in March 1979, when the New Jewel Movement successfully led a coup against the authoritarian government of Eric Gairy on the Caribbean island nation of Grenada. Bishop was installed as the prime minister, and his administration implemented a series of socialist reforms, including land redistribution, education expansion, and healthcare improvements. The government also developed strong ties with Cuba, which caused concern among Western powers, particularly the United States. On 5 June 1983, Bishop spoke to a room that burst at the seams at Hunter College in New York City. The audience was predominately Africans in America, who had flocked to hear the Grenadian leader speak about how the US government was plotting to destabilize and destroy the revolution in Grenada because it feared African sovereignty and independence. You can hear the electricity in the room. That same October, Maurice Bishop was arrested and assassinated during a coup by a faction the New Jewel Movement, led by Bernard Coard. The internal conflict led to his violent death and opened the door for violent US military occupation.

[reasoningdaily]

Women take the lead during the Revo’. This successful part of the Revolution continues today

Before its sighting in 1498 by that well-known charity benefactor, Christopher Columbus, Grenada was inhabited by the Caribs, who had invaded and killed the previous inhabitant, the Arawaks. The name given to Grenada by the Arawaks was believed to be Ciboney.  The Caribs resisted European domination for more than one hundred years after being sighted by Columbus.

From the earliest European settlement in Grenada, enslaved Africans were kidnapped to Grenada. Contrary to popular Western culture the Africans resisted their capture. In Grenada, this manifested in numerous revolts, including the Fédon rebellion of March 1795.

Fédon was influenced by the ideas emerging from the French Revolution, especially the Convention’s abolition of slavery in 1794. Fédon stated that he intended to make Grenada a “Black Republic just like Haiti”. Fédon and his revolutionaries controlled most of Grenada between 1795 and June 1796. Over 14,000 of Grenada’s 28,000 enslaved Africans joined the revolutionary forces in order to write their own emancipation and transform themselves into “citizens”. However, more than 7,000 of these freedom fighters perished in the fight for independence.

Although enslavement was “abolished” in 1834 the plight of Grenada’s African population remained relatively unchanged until the 1951 “revolution” of Eric Gairy. Gairy had limited success in weakening the control that Britain had over the island, leading to independence in February 1974. Independence under Gairy was, for the people of Grenada, a mirage as Gairy did not have the ability or vision to take the people beyond the fight for independence.

Notwithstanding his incompetence, Gairy tried to retain power despite his loss of popularity. He used extreme violence to keep control but was overthrown by a popular revolution on 13 March 1979 by the New Jewel Movement (NJM), led by Maurice Bishop.

The Peoples Revolutionary Government formed after the Revolution (Revo’) embarked on a wide-ranging series of social, economic and educational plans, which brought great and tangible benefits to the people of Grenada.

In 1983 tensions within the NJM led to the collapse of the Revo’, culminating in the killing of Maurice Bishop and others close to him on 19 October of that year. The United States, which had, under Reagan, attempted on numerous occasions to undermine the Revo’, used this opportunity to invade Grenada. After a week of heavy fighting the US forces, with a fig-leaf Caribbean contingent, captured Grenada and set about dismantling the gains of the Revo’.

Their first act was to put on a show trial of the remaining leader of the NJM, the Grenada 17, who they captured following the invasion. Mounting a sustained campaign, led by their 56th US Psychological Warfare Unit, the invaders claimed that these leaders had stolen money from the Treasury; planned to slaughter all Grenadians; sold Grenada to Cuba; built underground cities for Soviet Union troops, who were to be stationed in the country; and who killed Maurice Bishop.

The Psychological Warfare Unit co-opted local and regional figures to manage the “trial”, which despite was notorious for its many blatant irregularities and received many justified complaints,  convicted the leaders of murder and sentenced them to death. This was condemned worldwide by numerous organisations including Amnesty International and was declared a “…travesty of justice…” by many others. After an intense campaign, the death sentences were counted and replaced by life imprisonment.

The Grenada 17 were released following a global campaign.

Grenada – Forward Ever (G-FE) was formed in 2018.

 It recognises the tremendous social, economic and educational progress made by the Grenadian people during the Revolution of 1979.  The United States invaded Grenada in 1983 to quash these gains and erase its memory from history. We will oppose this plan and fight against all forms of colonialism and support the struggle for self-determination by oppressed people.

We will assist organisations and individuals in Grenada and elsewhere, seeking to advance the material, economic, social and general well-being of the people of Grenada in support of the advances made during the Revolution.

We will do this by: –

Publishing and disseminating information and materials, with a focus on the history and inheritance of the Grenada Revolution.

Undertaking research,

Holding events, and

Lobbying, canvassing and commissioning any other activity.

The Grenada Revolution – An overview

A new document, THE GRENADA REVOLUTION – Four years of freedom – Achievements, Challenges and Collapse, has been published and is now available for downloading.

This document provides a summary of the momentous events that occurred in Grenada between the Revolution (Revo’) of 13 March 1979 and the US invasion of October 1983.  It covers, in outline, the history of Grenada, the preparation and planning of the Revolution, the successes of the Revolution, its collapse, the US invasion and the lessons that can be learned from its collapse.

THE GRENADA REVOLUTION – Four years of freedom … can be opened from 2021 11 02 – THE GRENADA REVOLUTION Four years of freedom Achievements, Challenges and Collapse.

By Our Own Hands – A People’s History of the Grenadian Revolution

A pamphlet from CLS by Steve Cushion and Dennis Bartholomew

Published by Caribbean Labour Solidarity, By Our Own Hands… illustrates the tremendous strides made by the people of Grenada during the brief period of the revolution.

Between 1979 and 1983, the people of the Caribbean nation of Grenada made a courageous attempt to overcome the legacy of slavery, British colonialism and a viciously corrupt post-colonial dictatorship.

The tragic last few days of the Revolution have obscured the remarkable achievements of the Grenadian people during the previous four years. In the face of the unceasing hostility of the United States government and its continual destabilisation campaign, the people of Grenada rebuilt their economy with an emphasis on social justice and economic stability rather than mere profit for, mainly foreign, capitalists; they established a remarkable education system and improved their health service; they started a house-building and housing repair programme that addressed the needs of the poorest members of society.

By Our Own Hands… can be downloaded from the bottom of this page http://cls-uk.org.uk/?p=279.

[roamanddiscover]

Grenada

Grenada, the spice island of the Caribbean, is a beautiful country with a rich culture and history. The country is located in the southeastern Caribbean Sea and consists of the island of Grenada and six other smaller islands. The country has a population of approximately 111,454, and the official language is English. The capital city, St. George's, is a bustling port town with a picturesque harbor and a vibrant economy. Grenada is known for its lush green forests, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture. The country is famous for producing nutmeg, cinnamon, and other spices, which has earned it the nickname of the Spice Island. The country's economy is primarily based on tourism, agriculture, and light manufacturing. Grenada's pristine beaches, crystal clear waters, and vibrant underwater world make it a sought-after destination for tourists. The country's rich history and culture also attract visitors from all around the globe. Grenada has a tropical climate with consistent temperatures throughout the year. The country experiences rainfall between June and December, making it a perfect time to witness the flora and fauna in all its lush green glory. Grenada's political system is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented in Grenada by a Governor-General. The country has a two-chamber parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Grenada is a picturesque and charming country with a rich culture, thriving economy, and warm hospitality. Its natural beauty, vibrant culture, and history make it a must-see destination for travelers from around the world.

Etymology

Grenada is a Caribbean country that is a popular tourist destination due to its natural beauty, warm hospitality, and rich cultural heritage. Its name is believed to have been derived from the ancient town of Granada in southern Spain. When the first Spanish explorers arrived in the region in the late 15th century, they were reminded of their own hometowns, given the lush greenery and rugged terrain. The town of Granada in Andalusia, Spain, was a Moorish stronghold that was also known for its beauty and stunning landscapes. The name 'Grenada' was hence chosen as the name for the Caribbean island. The origin of the name 'Granada' in Spain, however, is still a subject of debate. Some scholars believe that it may have been derived from the Arabic word 'qarnata,' which means 'hill of strangers,' because it was a refuge for Berber tribes that had migrated from North Africa. Others theorize that the name may have come from the Latin word for pomegranate, 'pomum granatum,' alluding to the fruit's reddish skin and juicy seeds. Regardless of the exact origin of the name, Grenada embodies all the elements that its name represents - rugged peaks, lush valleys, exotic flora, and breathtaking beauty. It is no wonder that the island nation's name has become synonymous with paradise, attracting visitors from all over the world.

History

Grenada's history dates back to 200 B.C., with evidence of Amerindian settlements on the island. The Caribs, who were the last to inhabit the island, called it “Camahogne,” meaning “Island of Spice,” due to the abundance of nutmeg, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Christopher Columbus first sighted Grenada in 1498 and named it Concepción. Over the next two centuries, the island was alternately controlled by the French and British. In 1783, Britain officially took control of Grenada under the Treaty of Versailles. The British introduced the African slave trade to the island, leading to the exploitation of enslaved individuals who worked in Grenada's sugarcane fields. The abolition of slavery in 1834 reduced demand for labour, prompting a shift towards cocoa and nutmeg production. Grenada became independent in 1974, with Sir Eric Gairy as its first Prime Minister. However, in 1979, the New Jewel Movement (NJM), a Marxist party led by Maurice Bishop, overthrew Gairy's government in a coup. Bishop became Prime Minister and led a socialist regime until 1983, when a power struggle between him and members of his government led to his overthrow and execution. In the same year, the U.S and Caribbean nations, under the banner of Operation Urgent Fury, invaded Grenada to restore order, resulting in the establishment of a new government. New elections were held in 1984, and the New National Party (NNP) emerged victorious, with Herbert Blaize becoming Prime Minister. Sir Nicholas Brathwaite succeeded Blaize as Prime Minister in 1989, but the NRP lost power to the National Democratic Congress (NDC) led by Ben Jones in 1990. However, the NDC government faced severe economic decline, leading to the return of the NNP in the 1995 general elections. Keith Mitchell succeeded Brathwaite as Prime Minister, a position he has held intermittently since. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan devastated Grenada, causing significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture. The island has since seen a steady recovery with support from international donors. Today, Grenada remains a constitutional monarchy within the British Commonwealth with a Prime Minister as its head of government.

Geology

Geology is an integral aspect of Grenada's natural environment. Grenada is a volcanic island with a diverse geology that includes rocks, lava flows, and volcanic sediments. The island also features a range of geological structures, such as folded and faulted terranes, and a variety of mineral deposits. Grenada's geology can be traced back millions of years. The island was formed during the Late Oligocene period when it emerged from the sea due to tectonic plate movements. The island's geology is primarily composed of volcanic masses that are the result of a series of volcanic eruptions. The volcanic rocks are mostly basaltic, andesitic, and dacitic in composition. The island also features several types of sedimentary rocks that were formed by the accumulation of volcanic ash, mud, and sand. This includes the region's highly fertile tuff deposits, which are often used for agricultural purposes. One of the most notable geological features in Grenada is its dormant volcano, Grand Etang. Located in the center of the island, the volcano is approximately 1,740 feet above sea level. The crater of Grand Etang contains a lake, which is of great hydrological importance to the island. Grenada's geology also affects the island's natural resources. The presence of mineral deposits, such as bauxite, gold, and manganese, has led to mining activities in the past. However, conservation efforts have been put in place to safeguard these resources and protect the environment. Grenada's geological features and composition bring about diverse terrain that is both visually stunning and important to the island's ecology. As such, efforts must be made to preserve and protect it.

Geography

Grenada is a Caribbean country located at the southern end of the Grenadines island chain. The country comprises the main island of Grenada and six smaller islands, Carriacou, Petite Martinique, Caille Island, Diamond Island, Large Island, and Ronde Island. Grenada has a total land area of 344 square kilometers and stretches 34 kilometers from its northernmost point to its southernmost point. The country's topography is characterized by volcanic mountains, with Mount Saint Catherine being the highest peak at 840 meters. The island is largely covered by rainforest, and its lush greenery is a testament to the fertile soil. Grenada's coast is dotted with stunning beaches, coral reefs, and beautiful offshore islands. The country's coastline is 121 kilometers long, with plenty of bays, headlands, and sheltered harbors. One of the unique features of Grenada is its crater lake, Grand Etang. Located in the Granada National Park, this lake is surrounded by a breathtaking rainforest and is home to many species of tropical plants, birds, and wildlife. The island is also home to many other water features, such as rivers, waterfalls, and hot springs. The Annandale Waterfall is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Grenada and is located in a lush tropical forest setting. The island of Grenada is located in the hurricane belt, making it more prone to natural disasters such as hurricanes and tropical storms. As a result, the country has developed resilience and emergency management plans to manage these risks. In terms of its physical characteristics, Grenada's topography and natural features make it a popular tourist destination. Its stunning beaches, tropical forests, and beautiful offshore islands attract many visitors each year. It's also a popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists due to its many water features and mountainous topography. Grenada's diverse range of natural wonders continues to capture the hearts of tourists and locals alike.

Ecology

Grenada is an ecological paradise, with an abundance of natural resources and diverse flora and fauna. Its environment is so pristine that the country has been dubbed the "Island of Spice" due to its abundant production of nutmeg, cinnamon, and other spices. The island is home to a vast array of ecosystems, including rainforests, mangroves, coral reefs, and savannas. Its coastline also boasts a remarkable variety of marine life, including whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and colorful fish. The natural resources of Grenada have played a significant role in the country's economy and its inhabitants' livelihood. Nutmegs and other spices, together with bananas, cocoa, and other tropical fruits, account for a significant portion of the country's exports. The island's volcanic soil and tropical climate are conducive to the growth of such crops, making Grenada a thriving agribusiness hub. In recent years, Grenada's government has taken significant steps to preserve and protect the island's natural resources. One such initiative is the country's National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, which cover approximately 20% of Grenada's land area. These protected areas encompass a diverse range of ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. They also offer a haven for various species of wildlife, including the Grenada dove, the national bird of the island, which is endemic to Grenada. Beyond the parks and wildlife sanctuaries, Grenada also has several attractions that allow visitors to experience its natural beauty firsthand. For example, Grand Etang National Park, located in the island's central mountainous region, is a popular destination for hikers and nature enthusiasts. The park, which covers approximately 2,000 acres, is home to the Grand Etang Lake, which is a crater lake formed in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption. Visitors can also spot several species of wildlife, including Mona monkeys and parrots, while hiking through the rainforest. In addition to its natural resources, Grenada is also actively promoting sustainable tourism. Ecotourism, in particular, is becoming increasingly popular, thanks to the island's diverse ecosystems and natural attractions. Several eco-friendly resorts and lodges have sprouted up in recent years, catering to tourists who are looking for a more environmentally conscious travel experience. Grenada's commitment to preserving its natural resources and promoting sustainable tourism makes the island a compelling destination for nature lovers and eco-tourists alike.

Biodiversity

Grenada, a Caribbean country, has a rich and diverse biodiversity. The country's location, climate, and terrain provide a varied habitat for numerous flora and fauna species. From rainforests to coral reefs, Grenada boasts 1,115 species of plants, 150 species of birds, 21 species of reptiles, and 12 species of mammals, along with a variety of other creatures. The lush rainforests of Grenada are home to a broad range of plant life, including mahogany, teak, and cedar trees. The trees are used for various purposes, such as construction, furniture making, and medicinal purposes. The country is also known for its nutmeg production, which is a vital part of its economy. Nutmeg trees are found throughout the island, and Grenada produces about 20% of the world's supply. Other spices such as cinnamon, ginger, and vanilla are also grown in Grenada. Grenada also has a wide variety of animal species. The National Bird of Grenada is the Grenada dove, which is a beautiful and peaceful bird known for its bright colors and sweet call. The country also has an abundance of marine life, including sea turtles, dolphins, and coral reefs that provide a habitat for various fish species. The Levera National Park is an excellent place to observe wildlife, with many hiking trails and lookout points where visitors can see a wide range of animals, birds, and insects. Grenada's rivers, lakes, and ponds are home to several species of fish that are also an essential part of the country's cuisine. The country also has an active fishing industry that provides fresh seafood to many restaurants and markets. Grenada has several protected areas where rare and endangered species live and thrive. The Grand Etang National Park is an excellent example, where visitors can see various wildlife, such as the Mona Monkey and the Lesser Antillean Iguana, living in their natural habitats. The park also has several hiking trails and waterfalls that visitors can explore while enjoying the beautiful scenery. Grenada has a rich and diverse biodiversity of flora and fauna species that make it a unique and beautiful country. The government of Grenada recognizes the importance of protecting and preserving the country's natural resources and has implemented various programs to promote environmental conservation. Visitors to Grenada can enjoy an exciting experience by exploring the country's wildlife and natural habitats.

Mona Monkey

Climate

Grenada, an island nation in the Caribbean, has a tropical climate with a generally constant temperature throughout the year. The average temperature in Grenada is around 27 degrees Celsius, making it a perfect holiday destination for those seeking warmth and sunshine. Nonetheless, Grenada's climate is influenced by various weather systems, which can bring sudden changes in temperatures and conditions. One such weather system is the trade winds, which provide a cooling effect on the island. The north-east trade winds blow throughout the year, making Grenada's weather fairly stable. During April to October, the island experiences occasional showers and thunderstorms as a result of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). While the rainy season lasts from June until December, with the highest precipitation levels in September and October. Grenada's climate has a significant impact on the country's ecosystems and agriculture. The warm, moist climate favors a diverse range of plants and wildlife thriving in the region, including rainforest, mangrove forests, and coral reefs. The island's tropical climate provides perfect growing conditions for crops such as bananas, cocoa, and nutmeg, which have contributed significantly to the country's economy over the years. Despite Grenada's year-round warm weather, the island is not immune to climate change. Over the past few years, the country has experienced unprecedented droughts, sea-level rise, and increased frequency of extreme weather. These conditions have resulted in the loss of crops and property damage, which poses significant challenges to the country's tourism-dependent economy. To address these concerns, Grenada has implemented several initiatives to mitigate climate change effects, including the establishment of a Climate Action and Awareness Fund, which finances renewable energy projects, sustainable agriculture, and forestry. The country has also developed a National Adaptation Plan to address loss and damage from climate change and to minimize the island's carbon footprint. the tropical climate of Grenada is a significant attraction for tourists visiting the country. The warm weather, combined with the country's diverse ecosystem and agriculture, provides an excellent experience for visitors. However, it is important to recognize the potential impact of climate change on Grenada's economy and ecology. The Country must continue to implement initiatives to address environmental challenges, not only to protect the natural beauty of the island but also to ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

Environmental Issues

Grenada, like many other countries in the Caribbean, is significantly impacted by climate change. The rise in sea levels, increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, and erosion of beaches pose significant environmental challenges for Grenada. One of the critical environmental challenges facing Grenada is deforestation, primarily caused by agriculture and logging activities. This has led to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and decreased water quality, all of which significantly impact the country's ecosystem. Another significant challenge is the inadequate waste management system, which contributes to littering and pollution of water bodies. While steps have been taken to address this issue, such as the implementation of recycling programs and the operation of landfills, there is still a long way to go. However, Grenada has also taken significant steps to tackle environmental issues through various initiatives. The country has implemented a National Energy Policy that aims to increase the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Grenada also received a grant to establish a geothermal power plant to harness the natural energy from the island’s volcanic activity to provide electricity. The country has also taken significant steps to promote sustainable tourism, with many hotels and resorts implementing eco-friendly practices and initiatives, such as the use of solar power and the conservation of water. The government has also placed strong emphasis on marine conservation, with the implementation of strict fishing guidelines and the establishment of the Moliniere-Beausejour Marine Protected Area. while Grenada faces several environmental challenges, the country is taking significant steps to address these challenges through various initiatives. It is crucial for Grenada and the international community to continue to prioritize environmental protection to ensure a sustainable future for the country and the planet as a whole.

Politics

Grenada is a parliamentary democracy and a Commonwealth realm with the Queen of England as its constitutional Head of State. The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, who acts on her behalf. The political system of Grenada is based on the British parliamentary model, with a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house, the House of Representatives. Read the full article

[lboogie1906]

Maurice Rupert Bishop (May 29, 1944 – October 19, 1983) was a Grenadian revolutionary and the leader of the New Jewel Movement – popular efforts in the areas of socio-economic development, education, and Black liberation – that came to power during March 13, 1979, Coup that removed Eric Gairy from office. He headed the People’s Revolutionary Government of Grenada (1979-83) when he was dismissed from his post and shot during the coup by Bernard Coard, a staunch militaristic element in the government, leading to upheaval. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.13

624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. 1591 – At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one. 1639 – Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard. 1697 – Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. 1741 – The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins. 1781 – William Herschel discovers Uranus. 1809 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809. 1811 – A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars. 1826 – Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry. 1845 – Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. 1848 – The German revolutions of 1848–1849 begin in Vienna. 1862 – The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves is passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation. 1884 – The Siege of Khartoum begins. It lasts until January 26, 1885. 1888 – The eruption of Ritter Island triggers tsunamis that kill up to 3,000 people on nearby islands. 1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War. 1920 – The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin. 1930 – The news of the discovery of Pluto is announced by Lowell Observatory. 1940 – The Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union officially ends after the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. 1943 – The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków. 1954 – The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory led to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam. 1957 – Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista. 1969 – Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module. 1974 – Sierra Pacific Airlines Flight 802 crashes into the White Mountains near Bishop, California, killing 36. 1979 – The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état. 1988 – The Seikan Tunnel, the longest tunnel in the world with an undersea segment, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan. 1992 – The Mw  6.6 Erzincan earthquake strikes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). 1993 – The 1993 Storm of the Century affects the eastern United States, dropping feet of snow in many areas. 1996 – The Dunblane massacre leads to the death of sixteen primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland. 1997 – The Missionaries of Charity choose Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as their leader. 2003 – An article in Nature identifies the Ciampate del Diavolo as 350,000-year-old hominid footprints. 2012 – The Sierre coach crash kills 28 people, including 22 children. 2013 – The 2013 papal conclave elects Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio taking the name Pope Francis as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church. 2016 – The Ankara bombing kills at least 37 people. 2016 – Three gunmen attack two hotels in the Ivory Coast town of Grand-Bassam, killing at least 19 people. 2020 – President Donald Trump declares the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national emergency in the United States. 2020 – Breonna Taylor is killed by police officers who were forcibly entering her home in Louisville, Kentucky; her death sparked extensive protests against racism and police brutality.

[cyarskaren52]

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Happy Independence Day to ‘Spice Isle,’ also known as Grenada! 🇬🇩

Grenada gained its independence from Britain and Eric Gairy, who became Grenada’s first prime minister.

Each year on February 7th, Grenadians celebrate the anniversary of their independence. “The Spice Island” is known for its wealth of nutmeg, allspice, clove, and cinnamon. This lowkey just made us want to plan a trip. Rep Grenada in the comments if you have roots there. We would love to see it. #BET #WhereBlackCultureLives

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 19 February 1951, a general strike of agricultural and so-called "unskilled" workers broke out on the island of Grenada, then part of the British Empire, demanding pay increases and recognition for the Grenada Manual & Mental Workers Union. British troops were called in, as were colonial police from elsewhere in the Caribbean, who shot and killed several men and women who were supporting the strike. Despite the violent repression, the workers fought on and on 19 May won 50% pay increases, and for the first time won paid leave – seven days per year for those working 200 days. It was part of a wave of strikes in the Caribbean in the wake of World War II. Pictured: Eric Gairy, leader of the GMMWU https://www.facebook.com/workingclasshistory/photos/a.296224173896073/1924520161066458/?type=3

[aiiaiiiyo]

Sir Eric Matthew Gairy, first Prime Minister of Grenada. He is here seen wearing a number of self-awarded honours and invented orders. He ruled Grenada with an iron fist until being deposed in 1979 while in the US to address the UN on setting up a commission to investigate UFOs [500x649] Check this blog!

[abdulaziz2023]

السير إريك ماثيو جيري، أول رئيس وزراء في غرينادا. يظهر هنا وهو يرتدي عددًا من الأوسمة والنياشين. حكم غرينادا بقبضة من حديد إلى أن أُطيح به في عام 1979 أثناء وجوده في الولايات المتحدة لمخاطبة الأمم المتحدة بشأن تشكيل لجنة للتحقيق في الأجسام الطائرة المجهولة.

Sir Eric Matthew Gairy, first Prime Minister of Grenada. He is here seen wearing a number of self-awarded honours and invented orders. He ruled Grenada with an iron fist until being deposed in 1979 while in the US to address the UN on setting up a commission to investigate UFOs

[crownsandqueens]

Miss World 1970. Jennifer Hosten from Grenada. Her win came with a lot of controversy and protest.

There was controversy before the contest began because the organizers had allowed two entries from South Africa, one black, one white. On the evening of the contest, a bomb exploded under a BBC outside broadcast van.

Even greater controversy then followed after the result was announced. Jennifer Hosten won, becoming the first Black woman to win Miss World and the black contestant from South Africa was placed second. The BBC and newspapers received numerous protests about the result. Four of the nine judges had given first-place votes to Miss Sweden, while Miss Grenada received only two firsts, yet the Swedish entrant finished fourth. Furthermore, the Prime Minister of Grenada, Sir Eric Gairy, was on the judging panel.

[ptseti]

MAURICE BISHOP’S MESSAGE TO AFRICANS IN THE UNITED STATES Today, the 13th of March, marks 45 years since the New JEWEL Movement ousted the corrupt dictatorship of Prime Minister Eric Gairy through a bloodless coup in Grenada. It is an excellent time to bring back the revolutionary prime minister, Maurice Bishop’s, address in New York about the danger Grenada’s revolution posed to the United States. The New JEWEL Movement—New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education and Liberation—swiftly established the People’s Revolutionary Government, ushering in a new era of socialist ideals. Under Bishop’s leadership, Grenada underwent a profound socioeconomic transformation marked by extensive reforms and initiatives to uplift the primarily poor population. By 1982, the following occurred: a literacy campaign, the construction of new schools, and the establishment of agricultural cooperatives that particularly benefitted unemployed youth in rural areas. Cuban aid bolstered these efforts, providing expertise in education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, notably constructing a modern international airport to replace the hazardous existing airstrip. Unemployment plummeted from 49 per cent to 14 per cent within four years. Symbolising the shift in priorities, vibrant billboards promoting education adorned the island, signalling a departure from those that had advertised cigarettes and alcohol. Grenada’s revolution sparked tangible social progress and economic development, leaving a lasting legacy of change and empowerment among its populace.

They HAD t o kill him ...SIGH #JewelMovement #Corrupt #Dictatorship #Grenada

[gravalicious]

A dictator is defined as one who wields absolute power. The dictator elevates himself above all other citizens and often makes claims to be closer to God than mere mortals. Emperors, kings, and nobles of the feudal period easily became dictators because they could justify despotic acts on the grounds that royal power and authority were of sacred origin. In more modern versions of dictatorship, the absolute ruler has to fabricate an elaborate cult of the personality to prove that he is more intelligent, more potent, and generally superior to any other human being. Idi Amin fancied himself not only as a physical giant but also as an intellectual giant. Besides, he boasted of a direct line to Allah. Eric Gairy, our Caribbean ex-dictator, dabbled in obeah and convinced himself that he was better than the world's leading scientists and would personally solve the problem of unidentified flying objects. This is the stuff of which dictators are made. By definition, the dictator is responsible to no one, no organization, no social institution. On the contrary, he creates the impression that he holds in the palm of his hand the existence of every person and every organization. The dictator is paramount. He gives out land, scholarships, etc., not because they belong to the people but because he considers that he is doing the rest of mankind a great favor. That is why human and civil rights disappear under a dictator. At best, an individual may be permitted to enjoy certain privileges and is expected to be eternally grateful to the dictator. After all, that which the dictator giveth he also taketh away

Walter Rodney - People's Power, No Dictator [Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 8, No. 1, The Caribbean and Africa (Winter, 1981), pp. 64-78]

[historysisco]

On This Day in History February 7, 1974: The British Colony of Grenada gains its independence within the British Commonwealth.  Eric Gairy became the first Prime Minister of Grenada.

The island of Grenada had been ceded to the British by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Before then, Grenada was a French colony since the 1650′s.

For Further Reading:

The official website of the Government of Grenada

The Caribbean’s Best-Kept Secret Comes With a Bonfire—And a Rum Punch to Remember by Corey Seymour from Vogue Magazine dated November 5, 2018

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.13

624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. 1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. 1591 – At the Battle of Tondibi in Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi dynasty, led by Judar Pasha, defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one. 1639 – Harvard College is named after clergyman John Harvard. 1697 – Nojpetén, capital of the last independent Maya kingdom, falls to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. 1741 – The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (part of the War of Jenkins' Ear) begins. 1781 – William Herschel discovers Uranus. 1809 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in the Coup of 1809. 1811 – A French and Italian fleet is defeated by a British squadron off the island of Vis in the Adriatic during the Napoleonic Wars. 1826 – Pope Leo XII publishes the apostolic constitution Quo Graviora in which he renewed the prohibition on Catholics joining freemasonry. 1845 – Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto receives its première performance in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. 1848 – The German revolutions of 1848–1849 begin in Vienna. 1862 – The Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves is passed by the United States Congress, effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.[ 1884 – The Siege of Khartoum begins. It lasts until January 26, 1885. 1900 – British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, during the Second Boer War. 1920 – The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin. 1930 – The news of the discovery of Pluto is announced by Lowell Observatory. 1940 – The Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union officially ends after the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. 1943 – The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków. 1954 – The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ begins with an artillery barrage by Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp; Viet Minh victory led to the end of the First Indochina War and French withdrawal from Vietnam. 1957 – Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista. 1969 – Apollo 9 returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module. 1979 – The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts the Prime Minister of Grenada, Eric Gairy, in a coup d'état. 1988 – The Seikan Tunnel, the longest tunnel in the world with an undersea segment, opens between Aomori and Hakodate, Japan. 1992 – The Mw  6.6 Erzincan earthquake strikes eastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). 1993 – The 1993 Storm of the Century affects the eastern United States, dropping feet of snow in many areas. 1996 – The Dunblane massacre leads to the death of sixteen primary school children and one teacher in Dunblane, Scotland. 1997 – The Missionaries of Charity choose Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as their leader. 2003 – An article in Nature identifies the Ciampate del Diavolo as 350,000-year-old hominid footprints. 2012 – The Sierre coach crash kills 28 people, including 22 children. 2013 – The 2013 papal conclave elects Pope Francis as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church. 2016 – The Ankara bombing kills at least 37 people. 2016 – Three gunmen attack two hotels in the Ivory Coast town of Grand-Bassam, killing at least 19 people. 2020 – President Donald Trump declares the COVID-19 pandemic to be a national emergency in the United States. 2020 – Breonna Taylor is killed by police officers who were forcibly entering her home in Louisville, Kentucky; her death sparked extensive protests against racism and police brutality.

[silentambassadors]

One of the sixteen remaining Commonwealth realms (QEII is still the head of state, in other words), Grenada (most likely named by the Spaniards for the Spanish city of Grenada) (pronounced totally differently, fyi) is a sovereign nation in the Caribbean, originally inhabited by the Arawak and Carib peoples.  The French took possession for a while, before the British gained control following their victory in the Seven Years’ War, after which Grenada was a colony, then a crown colony, then (along with five other West Indian states) an associated state, before finally achieving independence in 1974 under the leadership of Eric Gairy.  As you will no doubt recall, the United States of Americans invaded Grenada in 1983 during the Grenadian unrest, to the condemnation of much of the rest of the world.  But look, the Grenadian postal service says, “Hey, Gipper, no hard feelings.”

Stamp details: Top left: Issued in: 1861 From: St. George’s, Colony of Grenada MC #1

Top right: Issued in: 1883 From: St. George’s, Crown Colony of Grenada MC #17

Middle left: Issued on: October 19, 1967 From: St. George’s, Associated State of Grenada MC #241

Middle right: Issued on: February 7, 1974 From: St. George’s, Grenada MC #564

Stamps on bottom: Issued on: November 29, 2004 From: St. George’s, Grenada SC #3475

Recognized as a sovereign state by the UN: Yes (since September 17, 1974) Official name: Grenada Member of the Universal Postal Union: Yes (since January 30, 1978)